Seminars........!!!!!
It has always been great giving out seminars.I,personally, love giving seminars. It's always important that.......
Presentation skills can make or break a presentation! Your seminar grade is based on the quality of your presentation, and great presentation skills can make even a project you wish you’d done differently into a first-rate seminar. Below are some tips that will help you avoid common pitfalls and create a sparkling presentation.
Organization
Who’s going to read all this text??
Much easier for the audience to grasp!
Squashed
Resized
proportionately
ECE/EEE Seminar Topics....
- Comparative Analysis of the Physical Layer Technologies in WiMax and LTE
- FoIP vs VoIP : Design and Application
- Software based GPS receiver
- Smart Home Technologies
- Trans ocean inter-continental optical links
- Double image mixing for 3D stereoscopic vision
- Radar guidance systems
- Video compression Techniques
- The Marriage of Cryptography and Watermarking
- Deep Space Application
- Adaptive modulation Performance of wideband OFDM communications
- EMG Signal Analysis: Detection, Processing, Classification and Applications
- Advances in Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Classification of Power Quality Events
- Design of cryptographic protocols
- Video Image Compression Techniques
- Wireless Video Service in CDMA Systems
- Soliton pulses in long distance communications
- Emerging Communications Technologies and their impact on Military Communication Systems
- Radio Frequency Identification: Evolution of Transponder Circuit Design
- Image Compression System for Mobile Communication : Advancement in the Recent Years
- Performance Evaluation Of Hybrid OFDM/CDMA/SFH Approach For Wireless
- Radio Frequency Identification: Reader Circuit & Antenna Circuit Design
- Streaming technology in 3G mobile communication systems
- Study of Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain vs Frequency Domain
- Equalization and interference cancellation for TDMA wireless
- Study of Latest Issues Pertaining to Image Transmission in Wireless Network
- Study on the use of 3D Image Processing in Medical Imaging
- Image Compression, Past and Present
- Space-Time Coding For Frequency-Selective Fading Channels
- Ambient Intelligence: the networking challenges
- Quality Assessment Technique for Compressed Video
- IPTV vs Mobile TV : Design and Application
- Investigation of the types of handovers in wireless communication system
- Wireless Security Enhancement from the Lowest Layer
- Radio broadcasting system : Design and Application
- The study of propagation models in communication system
- Challenges to Next-generation Internet (Internet 3)
- Environmental Observation and Forecasting Systems using Wireless Sensor Networks.
- The impact of Cognitive Radio for Exploiting Under-used Spectrum
- Security in WiMAX Networks
- MAC Layer enhancement in 802.11n standards
- MIMO in 802.11n: potential and challenges
- The future of wireless network infrastructure
- Visible Light Communications
- Mobile and Broadcasting Convergence as a Disruptive Force
- Jamming and Anti-Jamming Technologies for Law Enforcement
courtesy:projects.spogel.com
AIRBORNE INTERNET The Emerging Trend in the Mobile World, Building Network
in the Air
Abstract The word on just about every Internet user's lips these days is "broadband." We have so much more data to send and download today, including audio files, video files and photos, that it's clogging our wimpy modems. Many Internet users are switching to cable modems and digital subscriber lines (DSLs) to increase their bandwidth. There's also a new type of service being developed that will take broadband into the air. In this paper, we'll learn about the future of the Airborne Internet. We'll take a look at the networks in development, the aircraft and how consumers may use this technology.
Land-based lines are limited physically in how much data they can deliver because of the diameter of the cable or phone line. In an airborne Internet, there is no such physical limitation, enabling a broader capacity.
The airborne Internet will function much like satellite-based Internet access, but without the time delay. The airborne Internet will actually be used to compliment the satellite and ground-based networks, not replace them. These airborne networks will overcome the last-mile barriers facing conventional Internet access options.
This paper addresses some of the trends and issues involved in developing an Airborne Internet capable of achieving this goal. Understanding relationships between these trends and issues and the objectives and functional requirements of the program will allow various participants in this complex program to keep activities in proper perspective. The all-round development and improvement are the key areas of research work performed in this paper.
INTRODUCTION:
Airborne Internet is a private, secure and reliable peer-to-peer aircraft communications network that uses the same technology as the commercial Internet. It is an implementation which connects aircraft to a ground-based Internet access node, including the information which is passed across this communication link. It provides airborne access to wealth of Internet information and resources. It is convenient and has several uses like flight planning, en route reservations, travel arrangements. It is useful in providing the information about weather, surrounding airspace environment and for aircraft-to-aircraft communications. The security applications include flight tracking/deviation monitoring, in-flight video monitoring, cockpit voice/video recording.
This Airborne Internet (A.I.) is an approach to provide a general purpose, multi-application data channel to aviation. In doing so, A.I. has the potential to provide significant cost savings for aircraft operators as it allows the consolidation of many functions into a common data channel. A primary application for A.I. is to track aircraft for the air traffic control system. Many other applications can utilize the same A.I. data channel. The applications available are only limited by the bandwidth available.
A.I. began as a supporting technology for NASA’s Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS). But there is no reason that A.I. should be limited to SATS-class aircraft. All of aviation, and even transportation, has the potential to benefit from A.I. The principle behind the A.I. is to establish a robust, reliable, and available digital data channel to aircraft.
How does satellite Internet operate?
How do you access the Internet other than dial-up if you live too far from a phone company office for DSL and there is no cable TV on your street? Satellite Internet access may be worth considering. It's ideal for rural Internet users who want broadband access. Satellite Internet does not use telephone lines or cable systems, but instead uses a satellite dish for two-way (upload and download) data communications. Upload speed is about one-tenth of the 500 kbps download speed. Cable and DSL have higher download speeds, but satellite systems are about 10 times faster than a normal modem.
Firms that offer or plan to offer two-way satellite Internet include StarBand, Pegasus Express, Teledesic and Tachyon. Tachyon service is available today in the United States, Western Europe and Mexico. Pegasus Express is the two-way version of DirecPC.
Two-way satellite Internet consists of:
How the Airborne Internet Will Work
The word on just about every Internet user's lips these days is "broadband." We have so much more data to send and download today, including audio files, video files and photos, that it's clogging our wimpy modems. Many Internet users are switching to cable modems and digital subscriber lines (DSL’s) to increase their bandwidth. There's also a new type of service being developed that will take broadband into the air.
Photo courtesy Angel Technologies
This diagram shows how the HALO Network will enable a high-speed wireless Internet connection
At least three companies are planning to provide high-speed wireless Internet connection by placing aircraft in fixed patterns over hundreds of cities. Angel Technologies is planning an airborne Internet network, called High Altitude Long Operation (HALO), which would use lightweight planes to circle overhead and provide data delivery faster than a T1 line for businesses. Consumers would get a connection comparable to DSL. Also, Aero Vironment has teamed up with NASA on a solar-powered, unmanned plane that would work like the HALO network, and Sky Station International is planning a similar venture using blimps instead of planes. Now we’ll look at the networks in development, the aircraft and how consumers may use this technology at their homes.
The Net Takes Flight
The computer most people use comes with a standard 56K modem, which means that in an ideal situation your computer would downstream at a rate of 56 kilobits per second. That speed is far too slow to handle the huge streaming-video and music files that more consumers are demanding today. That's where the need for bigger bandwidth Broadband comes in, allowing a greater amount of data to flow to and from your computer. Land-based lines are limited physically in how much data they can deliver because of the diameter of the cable or phone line. In an airborne Internet, there is no such physical limitation, enabling a broader capacity.
Several companies have already shown that satellite Internet access can work. The airborne Internet will function much like satellite-based Internet access, but without the time delay. Bandwidth of satellite and airborne Internet access are typically the same, but it will take less time for the airborne Internet to relay data because it is not as high up. Satellites orbit at several hundreds of miles above Earth. The airborne-Internet aircraft will circle overhead at an altitude of 52,000 to 69,000 feet (15,849 to 21,031 meters). At this altitude, the aircraft will be undisturbed by inclement weather and flying well above commercial air traffic.
Networks using high-altitude aircraft will also have a cost advantage over satellites because the aircraft can be deployed easily -- they don't have to be launched into space. However, the airborne Internet will actually be used to compliment the satellite and ground-based networks, not replace them. These airborne networks will overcome the last-mile barriers facing conventional Internet access options. The "last mile" refers to the fact that access to high-speed cables still depends on physical proximity, and that for this reason, not everyone who wants access can have it. It would take a lot of time to provide universal access using cable or phone lines, just because of the time it takes to install the wires. An airborne network will immediately overcome the last mile as soon as the aircraft takes off.
The airborne Internet won't be completely wireless. There will be ground-based components to any type of airborne Internet network. The consumers will have to install an antenna on their home or business in order to receive signals from the network hub overhead. The networks will also work with established Internet Service Providers (ISPs), who will provide their high-capacity terminals for use by the network. These ISPs have a fiber point of presence -- their fiber optics are already set up. What the airborne Internet will do is provide an infrastructure that can reach areas that don't have broadband cables and wires.
Photo courtesy Angel Technologies
Airborne-Internet systems will require that an antenna be attached to the side of your house or work place.
In the next three sections, we will take a look at the three aircraft that could be bringing you broadband Internet access from the sky.
Compare/Contrast to ground based internet:
IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEMS:
A HALO Overhead
The Angel Technologies is developing an air borne internet network through its HALO Network. The centerpiece of this network is the Proteus plane, which will carry wireless networking equipment into the air.
Photo courtesy Angel Technologies
The Proteus plane will carry the network hub for the HALO Network.
The Proteus plane,developed by Scaled Composites is designed with long wings and the low wing loading needed for extended high-altitude flight. Wing loading is equal to the entire mass of the plane divided by its wing area. Proteus will fly at heights of 9.5 and 11.4 miles (15.3 and 18.3 km) and cover an area up to 75 miles (120.7 km) in diameter.
Proteus Aircraft
Weight
9,000 pounds at takeoff
5,900 pounds empty
Wingspan
77 ft 7 inches (23.7 m)
Expandable to 92 feet (28 m)
Length
56.3 ft (17.2 m)
Height
17.6 ft (5.4 m)
Engines
2 turbofan engines
2,300 pounds of thrust
Range
18 hours
Speed
65 knots (75 mph/120.7 kph)
to 250 knots (288 mph/463.5 kph)
At the heart of Angel's Proteus plane is the one-ton airborne-network hub, which allows the plane to relay data signals from ground stations to workplaces and homes. The AI network hub consists of an antenna array and electronics for wireless communication. The antenna array creates hundreds of virtual cells, like mobile-phone cells, on the ground to serve thousands of users. An 18-foot dish underneath the plane is responsible for reflecting high-speed data signals from a ground station to your computer. Each city in the HALO Network will be allotted three piloted Proteus planes. Each plane will fly for eight hours before the next plane takes off and after takeoff it will climb to a safe altitude, above any bad weather or commercial traffic, and begin an 8-mile loop around the city.
Floating On Air
Sky Station International is counting on its blimps,in the race to deliver high-speed Internet access from high altitudes and calls them as lighter-than-air platforms, and plans to station these airships,one over each city. Each station would fly at an altitude of 13 miles (21 km) and provide wireless service to an area of approximately 7,500 square miles (19,000 square km).
Sky Station Blimp
Diameter
203 ft (62 m)
Length
515 ft (157 m)
Width
approx. 300 ft (91 m)
Power
Solar and fuel cells
Each blimp will be equipped with a telecommunications payload to provide wireless broadband connections. The blimps will be able to carrying payloads of up to about 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg). Each blimp will have a life span of about five to 10 years. Sky Station says that its user terminals will enable broadband connections of between 2 and 10 megabits per second (Mbps).
NASA's Sub-space Plans:
NASA is also playing a role in a potential airborne Internet system being developed by AeroVironment.
Photo courtesy NASA
The Helios aircraft will be equipped with telecommunications equipment and stay airborne for six months straight.
Helios Aircraft
Weight
2,048 pounds (929 kg)
Wingspan
247 ft (75.3 m)
Length
12 ft (3.7 m)
Wing Area
1,976 square ft (183.6 m2)
Propulsion
14 brushless, 2-horsepower,
direct-current electric motors
Range
1 to 3 hours in prototype tests
6 months when fully operational
Speed
19 to 25 mph (30.6 to 40.2 kph)
The Helios prototype is constructed out of materials such as carbon fiber, graphite epoxy, Kevlar and Styrofoam, covered with a thin, transparent skin. The main pole supporting the wing is made out of carbon fiber, and is thicker on the top than on the bottom in order to absorb the constant bending during flight. The wing's ribs are made of epoxy and carbon fiber. Styrofoam comprises the wing's front edge, and a clear, plastic film is wrapped around the entire wing body. The all-wing plane is divided into six sections, each 41 ft (12.5 m) long. A pod carrying the landing gear is attached under the wing portion of each section. These pods also house the batteries, flight-control computers and data instrumentation. Network hubs for AeroVironment's telecommunications system would likely be placed here as well.
It seems that airborne Internet could take off in the very near future. If and when those planes and blimps start circling to supplement our current modes of connection, downloading the massive files we've come to crave for entertainment or depend on for business purposes will be a snap -- even if we live somewhere in that "last mile."
Why all this detail?
The rather lengthy and detailed explanation just provided is to illustrate how the use of IP can very dependably be relied on to deliver network communications. Aircraft use of communication and navigation information must be nearly real time, highly dependable and it must have backup redundancy. IP has inherent redundancy in its digital delivery system, making it an excellent candidate for aircraft use. The reason IP has never been used in an aircraft context before is because until now there has not been a method proposed to keep the aircraft connected to the network, so that the IP connection is never lost. Now it is appropriate to examine how aircraft currently operate so we can draw both analogy and cite the differences between present day aircraft “networks” and an IP based aviation network (Airborne Internet).
Roadmap of future activities
We intend to continue applying the methodology defined above to develop Airborne Internet alternatives, analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative and arrive at a recommendation. Then, working with other SATS organizations we will refine the architecture and document it for use by system developers. Key elements of the architecture will be prototyped and evaluated to better understand their applicability to SATS. Estimates of performance and cost will be made. A separate security assessment will be produced.
Conclusion Thus this airborne internet technology has a wide range of utilities in the field of aviation services like aircraft monitoring and air traffic management, weather information etc., and also provides an opportunity for the passengers to access the internet at very high altitudes that is, in the aeroplanes and other conventional services. Thus it is a further new trend in this mobile world which is establishing the connectivity by building network in the air.
References:
mail me if u want the password............@ [email protected]
- you choose a topic you like the most
- google for the topic to get command on the topic
- start your topic extra-ordianrily!!!!
Presentation skills can make or break a presentation! Your seminar grade is based on the quality of your presentation, and great presentation skills can make even a project you wish you’d done differently into a first-rate seminar. Below are some tips that will help you avoid common pitfalls and create a sparkling presentation.
Organization
- Make the “big picture” clear. In the first few minutes of your talk, your audience–even those that know nothing about your research area–should have a very clear understanding of the big question your research addresses, your specific objectives and hypotheses, how you will accomplish your objectives and the significance of your research. A lengthy introduction before you get to your research question leaves your audience feeling unsure of what they will need to remember.
- “Package” each experiment. A rigid intro-methods-results-discussion format is required for a scientific paper, but a presentation needs to be more flexible! In a presentation, your audience can’t flip back to a previous page, so you have to organize your presentation to help them. If you are presenting several experiments, a good format is to give some general background, then introduce the purpose of each experiment, how the experiment was done, the results and their meaning. Once you’ve delivered this “package” to your audience, go on to the next experiment. At the end, summarize the results of each experiment again before wrapping up with general conclusions.
- Show me the data! Don’t have one slide where you show the results and then a text slide where you talk about them. The audience wants to see what you’re talking about, so put a little text right on the result slide, or leave out the text completely and just show the results as you talk about them. Spend enough time on the actual graphs, gels, spectra or other data that the audience can clearly see how your results lead to your conclusions. Take the audience through the data step-by-step. Where appropriate, talk about how many times you’ve repeated the experiment or show standard deviations, t-tests or other statistics to provide support for your conclusions.
- Keep methods brief. Listeners can easily get lost in a long list of methods. Instead, list only the key steps of the method and tell why each step was important. Anyone who wants to know the details can ask.
- Give enough background. Anyone in your audience who has taken 200-level courses in your major should be able to understand your entire talk clearly. And anyone in your audience should be able to understand the significance of your research, the hypotheses you were investigating and the take-home message.
- Be persuasive. As you design your presentation, ask yourself what you want to convince your audience of. A good scientific presentation should build a case for whatever conclusion you want your audience to believe. Don’t worry about keeping them in suspense–it’s perfectly OK to tell them the conclusion up front, then build up the evidence in support of it piece by piece.
- Less is more. Your audience does not have to hear about every experiment you ever did, including the one you totally screwed up. Focus your talk on clearly presenting a limited number of ideas and experiments that really make your point.
- Give credit where it’s due. All scientific research builds on and connects with the work of others. Tell how your work fits into the context of what is already known. Show how others’ work leads to or supports your hypotheses, or where your results might disagree with others’. Demonstrate that you have a good grasp of the scientific literature in your field. And of course give appropriate credit! Often, students will put a bibliography slide at the end, but it’s unlikely that the audience will get much out of this, so it might be more useful to put a condensed reference in small type at the bottom of the slide where the information is given–something like Smith et al., J. Biol. Chem. 53:11417 (2002).
- Know your stuff. To engage your audience, you have to be making eye contact and talking directly to them. If you’re reading directly from your slides or relying heavily on your notes, your audience will get bored and think you don’t know your material well. Practice your talk until you know it well, so you won’t stumble or wonder what slide is coming next. Then you can look at your audience when you deliver it. Knowing your material well will also help you get over any nervousness.
- But, notes are OK. There’s nothing wrong with having some notes to refer to in case you get stuck, or a list of slides, etc. Just don’t use ‘em as a crutch. It’s a very good idea to write down any details you think you might forget: a chemical structure that someone might ask a question about, or a long chemical name that you might blank on.
- Be natural. It’s a seminar, not a campaign speech. The people in the audience are your colleagues, so talk to them as a fellow scientist explaining what you think are important results that need to be shared.
- Be enthusiastic. Hey, this is great research you spent all summer on! If you sound bored with it, for sure your audience will be, too. Show them with your voice and manner how excited you are about the work you did.
- Make yourself heard. It could be the greatest presentation on earth, but your audience will never know that if they can’t hear you. If you tend to speak quietly, practice with a friend sitting in the back row and have him or her stop you every time you’re not loud enough. Breathing from your diaphragm and pitching your voice a little lower than normal can help.
- Know the vocabulary. If you mis-pronounce a key term, your audience automatically assumes you don’t really know your material. Be sure you know how every term is pronounced! And what they mean–someone may ask you.
- Practice your talk. Don’t just prepare the slides: prepare yourself. Go through the whole talk and figure out how you’re going to say what you need to say. Where will you need to spend the most time? Where would an example be helpful? In addition to practicing on your own, it is helpful to practice in front of friends and your research mentor.
- Dress nicely. A suit and tie or dressy dress isn’t necessary, but cutoffs and a torn shirt don’t make much of an impression. Your dress helps let your audicence know you’re in charge.
- Avoid jargon. Scientists use lots of lab slang, but in a formal presentation, you need to be sure you’re using terms precisely and that your audience understands them. Don’t say “I Geneclean-ed the DNA,” say “I purified this DNA fragment from my gel using the Geneclean kit.” Instead of “we PCR’d up the gene,” try “we used PCR to amplify the lacZ gene from the E. coli chromosome.”
- Keep it simple. Flashy backrounds or fancy animations don’t work well in a formal presentation. Use simple clear fonts and plain backgrounds. Black or dark blue on white, light gray or light tan or else white on dark blue work best. Avoid glaring or clashy colors. Use animation only if needed for emphasis, not for entertainment.
- Minimize text. If there are a lot of words on your slide, your audience will spend its time reading them instead of listening to what you’re saying. Plus, you will be tempted to read them instead of making eye contact. Just a few key words will help your audience get the message without distracting them.
Who’s going to read all this text??
Much easier for the audience to grasp!
- Use pictures. Wouldn’t it be easier to explain that complicated experiment if you had a diagram? Plus, photos and drawings add life to your presentation. You can take photos (ask to borrow a digital camera), find appropriate images on the Web (try Google image search) or just draw your own–remember, PowerPoint is also a drawing program!
- Be sure text is clearly readable even from the back of the room.
- Portray results appropriately. No one wants to squint at tiny numbers in a table when a nice, visual graph would show them better. Consider whether a bar graph is appropriate for your data, or whether a line graph is called for. Label all graphs and axes, and add titles to graphs and captions to photos where appropriate. Don’t forget units! Add labels or arrows to a photo or NMR spectrum to help make your point.
- Don’t accidentally “squash” photos or graphs. When you resize an illustration, be sure you shrink or stretch both its width and height at the same time. Your audience will notice if you flatten or stretch it by changing its size only in one dimension.
Squashed
Resized
proportionately
- Proofread carefully. Use the spell checker built into PowerPoint, but also read through every slide carefully before the presentation. You don’t want a typographical error to appear in 48-point bold text for your audience to focus on!
- Make your visuals look professional. If you need to show a chemical structure, use ISIS Draw. In an Excel graph, change colors, fonts, sizes, backgrounds, etc. to make your graph as clear as possible and remove unnecessary legends, equations, etc. Learn how to insert subscripts, superscripts, greek letters, and so on. Use standard scientific notation: 1.3 x 104 looks a lot better than the computer shorthand 1.3E04. Watch your signficant figures, and don’t let your figures get cluttered with numbers like 147.021341112.
- Test your presentation in the seminar room at least the day before you give it! Be sure your images look right, your text shows up, any videos or animations work, your fonts look right, etc. Be sure to go through the actual slides so you don’t get surprised by animated text you didn’t realize was animated, etc.
- Keep your file size small. PowerPoint presentations with lots of images get big fast. To keep your file to a reasonable size (so it loads and saves quickly and can be e-mailed if necessary), reduce the size of your images. An image that is 1000 pixels wide at a resolution of 96 dpi will fill a PowerPoint slide (and higher resolutions are not needed unless you need high-quality print-outs of your slides), but most digital cameras give you images that are much, much larger than this. Crop your images to include just what you want to show, and then shrink them to an appropriate size before moving them into PowerPoint. A great freeware program for working with images is IrfanView. Another way to reduce file size is to use File | Save As | Tools | Compress Pictures when you save your presentation. Set the resolution to “Web/Screen” and check both of the options at the bottom.
- Use standard fonts. If you use a font that’s on your computer but not the computer you use for your presentation, it won’t display properly. If you must use an unusual font, then use File | Save As | Tools | Save Options | Embed TrueType Fonts to save the font information with the presentation.
- Know how to run your show. A little playing with PowerPoint will pay off in making your slide show smooth. Did you know that either the space bar or the left mouse button will advance to the next slide? Did you know that the backspace key goes back one slide? Did you know you can hit the “B” key to temporarily black out the slide (for example, so that you can write on the board or while you’re waiting to be introduced?).
- Be sure your movies will play. If you have a movie, video clip or animation inserted into your PowerPoint, keep it in the same folder as the presentation and move the whole folder at once. Otherwise, PowerPoint will lose track of where the movie is and won’t play it. Not all computers (even classroom computers) have exactly the same software installed, and some will play some kinds of movies but not others, so be especially certain to test your presentation on the seminar room computer if you have multimedia.
ECE/EEE Seminar Topics....
- Comparative Analysis of the Physical Layer Technologies in WiMax and LTE
- FoIP vs VoIP : Design and Application
- Software based GPS receiver
- Smart Home Technologies
- Trans ocean inter-continental optical links
- Double image mixing for 3D stereoscopic vision
- Radar guidance systems
- Video compression Techniques
- The Marriage of Cryptography and Watermarking
- Deep Space Application
- Adaptive modulation Performance of wideband OFDM communications
- EMG Signal Analysis: Detection, Processing, Classification and Applications
- Advances in Signal Processing and Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Classification of Power Quality Events
- Design of cryptographic protocols
- Video Image Compression Techniques
- Wireless Video Service in CDMA Systems
- Soliton pulses in long distance communications
- Emerging Communications Technologies and their impact on Military Communication Systems
- Radio Frequency Identification: Evolution of Transponder Circuit Design
- Image Compression System for Mobile Communication : Advancement in the Recent Years
- Performance Evaluation Of Hybrid OFDM/CDMA/SFH Approach For Wireless
- Radio Frequency Identification: Reader Circuit & Antenna Circuit Design
- Streaming technology in 3G mobile communication systems
- Study of Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain vs Frequency Domain
- Equalization and interference cancellation for TDMA wireless
- Study of Latest Issues Pertaining to Image Transmission in Wireless Network
- Study on the use of 3D Image Processing in Medical Imaging
- Image Compression, Past and Present
- Space-Time Coding For Frequency-Selective Fading Channels
- Ambient Intelligence: the networking challenges
- Quality Assessment Technique for Compressed Video
- IPTV vs Mobile TV : Design and Application
- Investigation of the types of handovers in wireless communication system
- Wireless Security Enhancement from the Lowest Layer
- Radio broadcasting system : Design and Application
- The study of propagation models in communication system
- Challenges to Next-generation Internet (Internet 3)
- Environmental Observation and Forecasting Systems using Wireless Sensor Networks.
- The impact of Cognitive Radio for Exploiting Under-used Spectrum
- Security in WiMAX Networks
- MAC Layer enhancement in 802.11n standards
- MIMO in 802.11n: potential and challenges
- The future of wireless network infrastructure
- Visible Light Communications
- Mobile and Broadcasting Convergence as a Disruptive Force
- Jamming and Anti-Jamming Technologies for Law Enforcement
courtesy:projects.spogel.com
AIRBORNE INTERNET The Emerging Trend in the Mobile World, Building Network
in the Air
Abstract The word on just about every Internet user's lips these days is "broadband." We have so much more data to send and download today, including audio files, video files and photos, that it's clogging our wimpy modems. Many Internet users are switching to cable modems and digital subscriber lines (DSLs) to increase their bandwidth. There's also a new type of service being developed that will take broadband into the air. In this paper, we'll learn about the future of the Airborne Internet. We'll take a look at the networks in development, the aircraft and how consumers may use this technology.
Land-based lines are limited physically in how much data they can deliver because of the diameter of the cable or phone line. In an airborne Internet, there is no such physical limitation, enabling a broader capacity.
The airborne Internet will function much like satellite-based Internet access, but without the time delay. The airborne Internet will actually be used to compliment the satellite and ground-based networks, not replace them. These airborne networks will overcome the last-mile barriers facing conventional Internet access options.
This paper addresses some of the trends and issues involved in developing an Airborne Internet capable of achieving this goal. Understanding relationships between these trends and issues and the objectives and functional requirements of the program will allow various participants in this complex program to keep activities in proper perspective. The all-round development and improvement are the key areas of research work performed in this paper.
INTRODUCTION:
Airborne Internet is a private, secure and reliable peer-to-peer aircraft communications network that uses the same technology as the commercial Internet. It is an implementation which connects aircraft to a ground-based Internet access node, including the information which is passed across this communication link. It provides airborne access to wealth of Internet information and resources. It is convenient and has several uses like flight planning, en route reservations, travel arrangements. It is useful in providing the information about weather, surrounding airspace environment and for aircraft-to-aircraft communications. The security applications include flight tracking/deviation monitoring, in-flight video monitoring, cockpit voice/video recording.
This Airborne Internet (A.I.) is an approach to provide a general purpose, multi-application data channel to aviation. In doing so, A.I. has the potential to provide significant cost savings for aircraft operators as it allows the consolidation of many functions into a common data channel. A primary application for A.I. is to track aircraft for the air traffic control system. Many other applications can utilize the same A.I. data channel. The applications available are only limited by the bandwidth available.
A.I. began as a supporting technology for NASA’s Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS). But there is no reason that A.I. should be limited to SATS-class aircraft. All of aviation, and even transportation, has the potential to benefit from A.I. The principle behind the A.I. is to establish a robust, reliable, and available digital data channel to aircraft.
How does satellite Internet operate?
How do you access the Internet other than dial-up if you live too far from a phone company office for DSL and there is no cable TV on your street? Satellite Internet access may be worth considering. It's ideal for rural Internet users who want broadband access. Satellite Internet does not use telephone lines or cable systems, but instead uses a satellite dish for two-way (upload and download) data communications. Upload speed is about one-tenth of the 500 kbps download speed. Cable and DSL have higher download speeds, but satellite systems are about 10 times faster than a normal modem.
Firms that offer or plan to offer two-way satellite Internet include StarBand, Pegasus Express, Teledesic and Tachyon. Tachyon service is available today in the United States, Western Europe and Mexico. Pegasus Express is the two-way version of DirecPC.
Two-way satellite Internet consists of:
- Approximately a two-foot by three-foot dish
- Two modems (uplink and downlink)
- Coaxial cables between dish and modem
How the Airborne Internet Will Work
The word on just about every Internet user's lips these days is "broadband." We have so much more data to send and download today, including audio files, video files and photos, that it's clogging our wimpy modems. Many Internet users are switching to cable modems and digital subscriber lines (DSL’s) to increase their bandwidth. There's also a new type of service being developed that will take broadband into the air.
Photo courtesy Angel Technologies
This diagram shows how the HALO Network will enable a high-speed wireless Internet connection
At least three companies are planning to provide high-speed wireless Internet connection by placing aircraft in fixed patterns over hundreds of cities. Angel Technologies is planning an airborne Internet network, called High Altitude Long Operation (HALO), which would use lightweight planes to circle overhead and provide data delivery faster than a T1 line for businesses. Consumers would get a connection comparable to DSL. Also, Aero Vironment has teamed up with NASA on a solar-powered, unmanned plane that would work like the HALO network, and Sky Station International is planning a similar venture using blimps instead of planes. Now we’ll look at the networks in development, the aircraft and how consumers may use this technology at their homes.
The Net Takes Flight
The computer most people use comes with a standard 56K modem, which means that in an ideal situation your computer would downstream at a rate of 56 kilobits per second. That speed is far too slow to handle the huge streaming-video and music files that more consumers are demanding today. That's where the need for bigger bandwidth Broadband comes in, allowing a greater amount of data to flow to and from your computer. Land-based lines are limited physically in how much data they can deliver because of the diameter of the cable or phone line. In an airborne Internet, there is no such physical limitation, enabling a broader capacity.
Several companies have already shown that satellite Internet access can work. The airborne Internet will function much like satellite-based Internet access, but without the time delay. Bandwidth of satellite and airborne Internet access are typically the same, but it will take less time for the airborne Internet to relay data because it is not as high up. Satellites orbit at several hundreds of miles above Earth. The airborne-Internet aircraft will circle overhead at an altitude of 52,000 to 69,000 feet (15,849 to 21,031 meters). At this altitude, the aircraft will be undisturbed by inclement weather and flying well above commercial air traffic.
Networks using high-altitude aircraft will also have a cost advantage over satellites because the aircraft can be deployed easily -- they don't have to be launched into space. However, the airborne Internet will actually be used to compliment the satellite and ground-based networks, not replace them. These airborne networks will overcome the last-mile barriers facing conventional Internet access options. The "last mile" refers to the fact that access to high-speed cables still depends on physical proximity, and that for this reason, not everyone who wants access can have it. It would take a lot of time to provide universal access using cable or phone lines, just because of the time it takes to install the wires. An airborne network will immediately overcome the last mile as soon as the aircraft takes off.
The airborne Internet won't be completely wireless. There will be ground-based components to any type of airborne Internet network. The consumers will have to install an antenna on their home or business in order to receive signals from the network hub overhead. The networks will also work with established Internet Service Providers (ISPs), who will provide their high-capacity terminals for use by the network. These ISPs have a fiber point of presence -- their fiber optics are already set up. What the airborne Internet will do is provide an infrastructure that can reach areas that don't have broadband cables and wires.
Photo courtesy Angel Technologies
Airborne-Internet systems will require that an antenna be attached to the side of your house or work place.
In the next three sections, we will take a look at the three aircraft that could be bringing you broadband Internet access from the sky.
Compare/Contrast to ground based internet:
IMPLEMENTATION SYSTEMS:
A HALO Overhead
The Angel Technologies is developing an air borne internet network through its HALO Network. The centerpiece of this network is the Proteus plane, which will carry wireless networking equipment into the air.
Photo courtesy Angel Technologies
The Proteus plane will carry the network hub for the HALO Network.
The Proteus plane,developed by Scaled Composites is designed with long wings and the low wing loading needed for extended high-altitude flight. Wing loading is equal to the entire mass of the plane divided by its wing area. Proteus will fly at heights of 9.5 and 11.4 miles (15.3 and 18.3 km) and cover an area up to 75 miles (120.7 km) in diameter.
Proteus Aircraft
Weight
9,000 pounds at takeoff
5,900 pounds empty
Wingspan
77 ft 7 inches (23.7 m)
Expandable to 92 feet (28 m)
Length
56.3 ft (17.2 m)
Height
17.6 ft (5.4 m)
Engines
2 turbofan engines
2,300 pounds of thrust
Range
18 hours
Speed
65 knots (75 mph/120.7 kph)
to 250 knots (288 mph/463.5 kph)
At the heart of Angel's Proteus plane is the one-ton airborne-network hub, which allows the plane to relay data signals from ground stations to workplaces and homes. The AI network hub consists of an antenna array and electronics for wireless communication. The antenna array creates hundreds of virtual cells, like mobile-phone cells, on the ground to serve thousands of users. An 18-foot dish underneath the plane is responsible for reflecting high-speed data signals from a ground station to your computer. Each city in the HALO Network will be allotted three piloted Proteus planes. Each plane will fly for eight hours before the next plane takes off and after takeoff it will climb to a safe altitude, above any bad weather or commercial traffic, and begin an 8-mile loop around the city.
Floating On Air
Sky Station International is counting on its blimps,in the race to deliver high-speed Internet access from high altitudes and calls them as lighter-than-air platforms, and plans to station these airships,one over each city. Each station would fly at an altitude of 13 miles (21 km) and provide wireless service to an area of approximately 7,500 square miles (19,000 square km).
Sky Station Blimp
Diameter
203 ft (62 m)
Length
515 ft (157 m)
Width
approx. 300 ft (91 m)
Power
Solar and fuel cells
Each blimp will be equipped with a telecommunications payload to provide wireless broadband connections. The blimps will be able to carrying payloads of up to about 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg). Each blimp will have a life span of about five to 10 years. Sky Station says that its user terminals will enable broadband connections of between 2 and 10 megabits per second (Mbps).
NASA's Sub-space Plans:
NASA is also playing a role in a potential airborne Internet system being developed by AeroVironment.
Photo courtesy NASA
The Helios aircraft will be equipped with telecommunications equipment and stay airborne for six months straight.
Helios Aircraft
Weight
2,048 pounds (929 kg)
Wingspan
247 ft (75.3 m)
Length
12 ft (3.7 m)
Wing Area
1,976 square ft (183.6 m2)
Propulsion
14 brushless, 2-horsepower,
direct-current electric motors
Range
1 to 3 hours in prototype tests
6 months when fully operational
Speed
19 to 25 mph (30.6 to 40.2 kph)
The Helios prototype is constructed out of materials such as carbon fiber, graphite epoxy, Kevlar and Styrofoam, covered with a thin, transparent skin. The main pole supporting the wing is made out of carbon fiber, and is thicker on the top than on the bottom in order to absorb the constant bending during flight. The wing's ribs are made of epoxy and carbon fiber. Styrofoam comprises the wing's front edge, and a clear, plastic film is wrapped around the entire wing body. The all-wing plane is divided into six sections, each 41 ft (12.5 m) long. A pod carrying the landing gear is attached under the wing portion of each section. These pods also house the batteries, flight-control computers and data instrumentation. Network hubs for AeroVironment's telecommunications system would likely be placed here as well.
It seems that airborne Internet could take off in the very near future. If and when those planes and blimps start circling to supplement our current modes of connection, downloading the massive files we've come to crave for entertainment or depend on for business purposes will be a snap -- even if we live somewhere in that "last mile."
Why all this detail?
The rather lengthy and detailed explanation just provided is to illustrate how the use of IP can very dependably be relied on to deliver network communications. Aircraft use of communication and navigation information must be nearly real time, highly dependable and it must have backup redundancy. IP has inherent redundancy in its digital delivery system, making it an excellent candidate for aircraft use. The reason IP has never been used in an aircraft context before is because until now there has not been a method proposed to keep the aircraft connected to the network, so that the IP connection is never lost. Now it is appropriate to examine how aircraft currently operate so we can draw both analogy and cite the differences between present day aircraft “networks” and an IP based aviation network (Airborne Internet).
Roadmap of future activities
We intend to continue applying the methodology defined above to develop Airborne Internet alternatives, analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each alternative and arrive at a recommendation. Then, working with other SATS organizations we will refine the architecture and document it for use by system developers. Key elements of the architecture will be prototyped and evaluated to better understand their applicability to SATS. Estimates of performance and cost will be made. A separate security assessment will be produced.
Conclusion Thus this airborne internet technology has a wide range of utilities in the field of aviation services like aircraft monitoring and air traffic management, weather information etc., and also provides an opportunity for the passengers to access the internet at very high altitudes that is, in the aeroplanes and other conventional services. Thus it is a further new trend in this mobile world which is establishing the connectivity by building network in the air.
References:
- www.airborneinternet.org
- www.airborneinternet.com
- airborneinternet.pbwiki.com
- spacecom.grc.nasa.gov/icnsconf/docs/2006/02_Session_A1
- acb100.tc.faa.gov/Briefings/Sept28,2005Keegan
- web.uwaterloo.ca/uwsearch.php?hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&q=related:www.aerosat.com
- ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/10432/33126/01559440.pdf?arnumber=15594
- www.datev.de/dpilexikon/ShowLexikonContent.do?begriff=airborneinternet&typ=buchstabe
- www.tc.faa.gov/act4/insidethefence
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